Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to determine how disqualifications of competition rules in swimming competitions are committed. Rules must be obeyed when competing, and there are consequences for swimmers who violate them. Objective: To find out how the disqualification of the rules of the competition game in the swimming sport is carried out in the swimming competition. Methods: The research was conducted at the GBK Senayan Swimming Pool, and the study used a descriptive observational design. The population in this study consists of all beginner-level swimmers who take part in the 2025 DKI Jakarta swimming competition in Indonesia. The sample uses total sampling, namely all beginner-level swimmers who take part in the 2025 DKI Jakarta swimming competition. The instrument used is a disqualification blank that refers to the competition rules of the World Aquatics, which have been adapted into Indonesian. The data collection technique uses direct field observation during the swimming competition. The data analysis technique used is a descriptive one that explains how disqualification from the rules of the competition game in swimming is carried out in swimming competitions. Result: The highest proportion of disqualifications occurred in breaststroke events (70 cases; 45.8%), followed by butterfly events (45 cases; 29.4%). Moreover, the breaststroke swimming disqualification that was committed the most, 14 times, was SW 7.1.e, which sounded after the start of doing butterfly kicks more than 1 time. Conclusion: The most common disqualifications occur in the breaststroke, especially the wrong kick after the start. It is necessary to improve coaching related to understanding the rules, especially at the start, reversal, and finish, to minimize disqualifications during the race. Future research should experimentally examine determinants of rule violations (technical, cognitive, and coaching quality) and evaluate rule-based interventions. Cross-level and longitudinal designs are needed to address limited generalizability and to identify violation patterns with greater precision.
Recommended Citation
Marani, I. N.,
Subarkah, A.,
Widyaningsih, H.,
Susiono, R.,
&
Ramadhan, M. S.
(2026).
Analysis of rule violations leading to disqualification in youth swimming competitions: Evidence from Indonesia.
Indonesian Journal of Research in Physical Education, Sport, and Health, 4(1).
Available at:
https://citeus.um.ac.id/ijrpesh/vol4/iss1/15