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Policies

Affiliations

Authors must clearly state all relevant institutional affiliations that reflect where the research was conducted, endorsed, or supported. For non-research manuscripts, the authors’ current institutional affiliations should be provided. In cases where an author has changed affiliation before publication, the primary affiliation should remain the institution where the work was originally carried out, while the updated affiliation and contact details may be included separately in the acknowledgments section. A change of institutional affiliation, by itself, does not constitute grounds for removing an author, provided that the individual continues to meet the journal’s established authorship criteria.

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Appeals and Complaints

Any complaints, concerns, or appeals related to authorship or the peer-review process, including those arising after publication should be directed to the Editors-in-Chief. They will conduct an investigation by first gathering information from all relevant parties and then determining an appropriate course of action in accordance with the ethical standards set by the Committee on Publication Ethics. The review or publication process may be paused until the matter is fully resolved. In cases where the Editors-in-Chief are directly involved in the issue, the responsibility for the investigation will be delegated to the Editorial Board, led by its most senior member, who will evaluate the matter and recommend appropriate actions.

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Acknowledgment

Individuals who have contributed to the manuscript in supportive or auxiliary roles—such as providing general supervision, securing funding, assisting in study design, data collection or analysis, offering technical or administrative support, formatting, language editing, or engaging in substantive scholarly discussions that informed the work but do not meet authorship criteria—should be formally recognized in the ‘Acknowledgments’ section, along with their names and institutional affiliations where appropriate. Authors are responsible for notifying these contributors and obtaining their consent prior to inclusion, including sharing the relevant manuscript context to ensure accurate representation of their contributions.

Contributors working as part of research groups or collaborative teams whose involvement is significant but does not qualify for authorship may be acknowledged collectively under appropriate designations (e.g., “clinical investigators” or “research collaborators”), accompanied by a concise description of their specific roles, such as contributing scientific advice, reviewing study protocols, assisting in data collection, or supporting clinical management. Given that such recognition may imply endorsement of the study’s outcomes, written consent from all named individuals is required.

In addition, any use of artificial intelligence tools, including large language models or other AI-assisted technologies, must be transparently disclosed within the manuscript. Authors remain fully accountable for the originality, validity, and integrity of all content and must ensure that the use of such tools aligns with the journal’s ethical standards and authorship policies.

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Authorship

Authorship Criteria

In the Jurnal Inovasi dan Teknologi Pembelajaran (Journal of Innovation and Instructional Technology), authorship is granted only to individuals who have made significant and substantive intellectual contributions to the manuscript. Contributions limited to technical, administrative, or routine support do not meet the criteria for authorship. To qualify as an author, individuals must satisfy all of the following requirements: (1) make a meaningful contribution to the conception or design of the study, or to data collection, analysis, or interpretation; (2) participate in drafting the manuscript or in critically revising it for important intellectual content; (3) approve the final version of the manuscript prior to submission; and (4) accept responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, including addressing questions related to its accuracy and ethical standards.

The corresponding author carries the responsibility of verifying that all listed authors meet these authorship criteria and that no individuals are inappropriately included or excluded. All co-authors must have reviewed the final manuscript and explicitly agreed to its submission. Any requests for changes in authorship, including additions, deletions, or reordering of authors, are strongly discouraged after submission and will only be considered in exceptional cases. Such requests must be accompanied by a clear explanation and written agreement from all involved authors. After acceptance, authorship modifications require formal editorial approval and may be refused if adequate justification and documentation are not provided. Any post-publication changes will be addressed through an official correction notice where necessary.

Contribution Details

To enhance transparency in scholarly publishing, Jurnal Inovasi dan Teknologi Pembelajaran (Journal of Innovation and Instructional Technology) encourages authors to clearly outline the specific contributions made by each co-author. This should be done using the CRediT (Contributor Roles Taxonomy) framework, which provides standardized terms for different roles such as conceptualization, methodology, software development, validation, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing-original draft, writing-review and editing, visualization, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition. Each author’s name should be followed by the roles they performed, and this contribution statement will appear alongside the published article. At least one author should serve as the guarantor who accepts full responsibility for the integrity of the work from start to finish.

In addition to named authors, individuals who contributed to the project in other capacities such as through technical support, funding acquisition, general supervision, or scholarly discussion should be acknowledged in a dedicated Acknowledgments section. Their full name and affiliation must be included, and authors are responsible for notifying them and obtaining their consent to be listed. If groups or institutions contributed to the study in a collective capacity (e.g., clinical investigators or supporting institutions), their role should be briefly described.

Any assistance from AI-based tools (such as large language models used for drafting or editing text) must be explicitly disclosed in the manuscript. While these tools may assist the writing process, the human authors remain fully responsible for ensuring the originality, accuracy, and ethical compliance of the content.

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Citations

Both research and non-research articles are expected to reference literature that is relevant, up-to-date, and reliable, preferably from peer-reviewed sources to substantiate the claims presented in the manuscript. Authors must refrain from engaging in excessive or inappropriate self-citation, or from forming citation agreements with other groups to artificially increase citation counts, as such practices constitute citation manipulation, which is a serious ethical violation. For more information, authors are encouraged to consult the COPE guidelines on citation manipulation.

For non-research articles such as reviews or opinion pieces, it is particularly important to cite references that are directly relevant and that reflect a comprehensive and balanced perspective on the current body of knowledge. Citations should not disproportionately favor a specific research group, institution, or journal, as doing so can introduce bias and undermine the objectivity of the work.

If you are uncertain about the appropriateness of citing a particular source, you are advised to consult the editorial office for guidance prior to submission.

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Conflict of Interest/Competing Interest

A conflict of interest (COI), also referred to as a competing interest, arises when external factors unrelated to the research have the potential to be perceived as influencing the neutrality or objectivity of the study or its evaluation. Authors are required to disclose any potential conflicts regardless of whether they have actually affected the research process to ensure transparency and enable informed editorial decisions. In most cases, the presence of a declared conflict will not prevent a manuscript from being published or reviewed, but full disclosure is essential.

If there is any uncertainty regarding a potential conflict, it is recommended that authors either disclose it or consult with the editorial office for clarification. Failure to disclose relevant conflicts of interest may result in editorial sanctions. Manuscripts with conflicts that are discovered after submission may be rejected, and published articles could be subject to re-evaluation, correction notices, or in severe instances, retraction.

Conflicts of interest may include, but are not limited to:

  • Financial interests: any funding, payments, services, or goods received or anticipated from entities with a vested interest in the research outcomes;
    Institutional affiliations: employment, advisory roles, or membership in organizations that may benefit from the findings
  • Intellectual property rights: ownership of patents, trademarks, or similar proprietary interests
  • Personal relationships: familial, romantic, or close personal ties that may compromise objectivity
  • Academic competition: professional rivalry or involvement with individuals whose work is being critically evaluated in the manuscript.

All authors must ensure full and honest disclosure of any potential conflicts to uphold the integrity of the research and the publication process.

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Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions

Occasionally, it may be necessary to make modifications to an article after it has been officially published. Such changes are made only after thorough consideration by the Editor, in consultation with the journal's editorial team, and in alignment with the ethical standards established by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Any post-publication updates are documented through a permanent public notice, which is directly linked to the original article to ensure transparency and uphold the integrity of the scholarly record.

There are several types of formal post-publication notices. A Correction (either as a Corrigendum or an Erratum) is issued when a mistake or omission is discovered that affects the clarity or interpretation of the article, but does not compromise its scientific validity. A Corrigendum typically refers to errors made by the authors, while an Erratum indicates errors introduced during the production process by the publisher. Examples include mislabelled figures, incorrect author affiliations, or omitted funding or conflict-of-interest statements.

A Retraction is issued when a serious issue is identified that undermines the credibility of the article such as flawed methodology, data fabrication, image manipulation, plagiarism, duplicate publication, or lack of ethical approval. Retractions are handled according to COPE guidelines, and may also be requested by authors or their institutions, provided the justification meets the journal’s retraction criteria. Retraction notices will always:

  • Be linked to and from the original article;
  • Clearly mark the article as retracted in both HTML and PDF formats using a watermark;
  • Provide a detailed explanation for the retraction;
  • Identify the party requesting the retraction (e.g., the authors or editor).

It is important to emphasize that retractions are issued to correct the academic record, not to penalize the authors. The journal generally does not issue retractions to resolve authorship disputes; instead, such cases may be addressed through a Corrigendum, if appropriately supported by all authors and their institutions.

To reduce the impact of misleading content, the journal aims to issue retractions promptly. In cases where significant concerns have been raised but a full investigation is pending or inconclusive, an Expression of Concern may be published. This allows the journal to alert readers while maintaining a neutral stance until the matter is resolved. If necessary, a retraction or correction may follow once the investigation concludes. All related notices will remain permanently accessible as part of the published record.

In extremely rare and exceptional situations such as when an article contains defamatory content, breaches legal rights, or is subject to a legal order a Removal Notice may be issued. In these cases, the article will be withdrawn from online access, and a formal notice of removal will be published in its place to explain the action taken.

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For any manuscript that includes identifiable information or images of an individual, authors must obtain written informed consent from the person featured. In cases involving children under the age of 18, consent must be provided by a parent or legal guardian. The consent must specifically authorize the publication of these details under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0).

If the individual has deceased, consent must be obtained from their next of kin. The manuscript must clearly state that written informed consent for publication has been secured.

Authors may use the journal’s standard consent form or an equivalent form issued by their institution or local authority, provided that it includes a declaration acknowledging that the information or images will be published online and made available to the general public. Editors may request access to the signed consent forms, which will be kept confidential.

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Confidentiality

All submitted manuscripts are treated as confidential documents. They will not be shared with anyone outside of those directly involved in the editorial and publication process. This includes the editorial team, corresponding authors, assigned reviewers, potential reviewers, and handling editors. In the event of a suspected ethical violation or misconduct, the manuscript may be disclosed to relevant parties, such as the journal’s ethics committee or institutional authorities, if necessary for investigation and resolution. The journal adheres to the appropriate procedures as outlined in the COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) flowcharts when addressing such concerns.

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Who Can Submit?

Anyone may submit an original article to be considered for publication in Jurnal Inovasi dan Teknologi Pembelajaran provided he or she owns the copyright to the work being submitted or is authorized by the copyright owner or owners to submit the article.

User Right

Jurnal Inovasi dan Teknologi Pembelajaran is an Open Access journal. Users are free to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of its articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0).
License details: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

Author Right

The author(s) retain the copyright of their work and grant the journal the right to publish and distribute the article without restrictions.

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Data Falsification/ Fabrication

The intentional manipulation or fabrication of data is regarded as a serious breach of research ethics. Such actions are aimed at misleading the scholarly community and compromise the reliability of the academic record, often resulting in long-lasting and far-reaching consequences.

Authors submitting manuscripts to the journal are responsible for ensuring that all data presented are accurate, truthful, and a faithful representation of their work. To support the evaluation process, authors are expected to retain all original (raw) data associated with their submitted manuscripts.

Failure to provide the original data upon request may lead to the rejection of the manuscript or, in the case of already published work, may result in the article being declined or retracted.

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Desk Rejection Policy

  • The subject matter or scope of the manuscript falls outside the journal's area of focus or disciplinary relevance.
  • The manuscript contains ethical issues, fails to adhere to established international publishing standards.
  • The study lacks sufficient novelty or significance and does not offer meaningful contributions to the existing body of knowledge.
  • The research design contains methodological weaknesses or inconsistencies.
  • The study lacks a clearly defined research objective or purpose.
  • The manuscript demonstrates structural deficiencies, and/or key components of the study are incomplete or missing.
  • There are significant issues with language use, including grammatical errors or inappropriate writing style.
  • The manuscript does not comply with the journal’s formatting and submission guidelines.

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Duplicate Submission/ Publication

At the time of submission, authors are required to ensure that the manuscript is not under consideration by any other journal. Simultaneous submission or publication of the same work across multiple outlets is regarded as a form of unethical publishing practice. This policy also extends to manuscripts that have been previously published in another language.

If a manuscript is a secondary publication, such as a translation of an already published work, authors must obtain prior authorization from the original publisher and copyright holder. In addition, the editorial office of the receiving journal must be fully informed about the original publication history. The translated work must clearly indicate its status as a secondary version, and proper citation of the original source must be included to ensure transparency and proper attribution.

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Funding

AAuthors are required to declare all sources of financial support and funding related to the research within the manuscript. This disclosure should include a transparent account of any involvement by funders in the research process, from the design of the study through to data analysis, interpretation, and manuscript preparation and submission. In cases where funders had no role in any stage of the research, this must be clearly stated. All funding statements must be accurate, complete, and consistent with the reporting requirements of the relevant funding agencies or institutions.

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Images and Figures

Photographs, videos, or audio recordings that may reveal the identity of patients or study participants can only be included in a manuscript if explicit Consent to Publish has been obtained. This consent must be provided by the individual depicted, or by a legal representative such as parents or guardians for minors or vulnerable individuals, or next of kin if the participant is deceased.

Authors must ensure that facial features or other identifying characteristics are obscured (e.g., through blurring or masking) unless explicit written consent for full facial disclosure has been granted. This measure is required to protect the privacy and dignity of individuals depicted in visual materials.

Cultural sensitivities must also be respected, especially when manuscripts include images of human remains or deceased individuals, which may be considered inappropriate in certain cultures. Ethical practices should reflect the values and approval processes of the communities involved.

Scientific or experimental images, such as those obtained via microscopy, must faithfully represent the original data. Any modifications must be disclosed in detail within the manuscript and figure legend to avoid misleading readers. Upon request, authors must be able to provide the original, unedited, uncropped, and unannotated images.

Image enhancements are only acceptable if minor and applied uniformly across the image. Authors are required to describe the image acquisition process and specify any modifications made, including the name and version of the software used. Any edits that could alter the scientific meaning of the image are strictly prohibited.

Figures or images reused from previously published sources must be accompanied by written permission from the copyright holder, and the original source must be clearly cited even in cases where reuse is permitted under an open license.

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Misconduct

The journal takes all forms of misconduct seriously and will take all necessary action, in accordance with COPE guidelines, to protect the integrity of the scholarly record.

Examples of misconduct include (but are not limited to):

  • Affiliation misrepresentation
  • Breaches in copyright/use of third-party material without appropriate permissions
  • Citation manipulation
  • Duplicate submission/publication
  • “Ethics dumping”
  • Image or data manipulation/fabrication
  • Peer review manipulation
  • Plagiarism
  • Text-recycling/self-plagiarism
  • Undisclosed competing interests
  • Unethical research

Duplicate Submission

Manuscripts that have previously been published or are simultaneously under consideration by another journal are considered violations of publication ethics and may be subject to sanctions for duplicate submission or redundant publication. Where authors extend or develop their own prior publications or manuscripts currently under review, they are required to appropriately cite the earlier work and clearly articulate the novel contributions, distinctions, and added value presented in the new submission beyond the existing material.

Citation Manipulation

Manuscripts submitted with references that appear to be included primarily to artificially boost the citation count of a specific author or journal may be subject to sanctions for citation manipulation.

Data Fabrication and Falsification

Manuscripts determined to contain fabricated or falsified experimental data including altered or manipulated images will be subject to sanctions for data fabrication and falsification.

Improper Author Contribution or Attribution

Every author listed on the manuscript must have contributed meaningfully to the scientific aspects of the research and must have approved all the statements and findings presented. It is essential to acknowledge all individuals who played a substantial scientific role in the work, including students and lab technicians.

Redundant Publications

Redundant publication refers to the unethical practice of splitting the results of a single study into multiple separate articles without proper justification.

Image Manipulation

Deliberately modifying or fabricating images in a misleading way constitutes a serious breach of research ethics. Such practices distort the scientific record, mislead readers, and may lead to significant and long-term consequences for the credibility of the work and its authors.

The journal requires that all submitted figures faithfully represent the original data and are not subject to inappropriate manipulation. Any selective alteration—such as enhancing, obscuring, moving, removing, or inserting image components—is not permitted unless it is scientifically justified and clearly disclosed. Limited adjustments to brightness, contrast, or color are acceptable only when applied uniformly and when they do not change or obscure the meaning of the data. In cases where images are assembled from multiple sources or fields (for example, gels, western blots, or microscopy images), this must be explicitly stated within the figure or explained in the figure caption.

Authors must be able to provide original, unprocessed image files if requested by the editors. Failure to do so may result in rejection of the manuscript or, if already published, retraction of the article.

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Open Access Policy

This journal provides immediate open access to all its content. Users may read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles freely, without prior permission from the publisher or author, fully in line with the principles of the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI).

The BOAI promotes the free availability of peer-reviewed journals online, enabling access without financial, legal, or technical barriers. It encourages two main strategies to achieve open access:

  • Self-Archiving – authors deposit their articles in open repositories.
  • Open-Access Journals – journals provide unrestricted access to content and adopt alternative funding models.

Open access increases visibility, accelerates research, and ensures equitable access to knowledge for all.

For more information, visit: https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org

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Peer Review Process

All manuscripts submitted to the Jurnal Inovasi dan Teknologi Pembelajaran (Journal of Innovation and Instructional Technology) undergo a structured editorial workflow designed to ensure quality, relevance, and academic rigor. Following submission, each manuscript is first reviewed by the editorial team in an initial screening phase. This stage evaluates the manuscript’s suitability in relation to the journal’s focus and scope, as well as compliance with formatting and submission requirements. The editorial team also assesses the completeness of essential elements such as abstracts, keywords, and author information, evaluates overall writing quality, and conducts a standard similarity check. This preliminary assessment is generally completed within approximately three weeks.

Manuscripts that meet the initial requirements proceed to a double-blind peer review process, in which both authors and reviewers remain anonymous to ensure objectivity. At least two qualified reviewers with relevant subject expertise are assigned to evaluate the manuscript’s originality, methodological rigor, contribution to the field, and overall scholarly merit. The peer review process typically takes four to five weeks. In most cases, revisions are required, and authors are expected to respond to reviewer comments thoroughly and within the timeframe specified in the decision letter.

Final publication decisions are made by the editorial board, taking into account reviewer evaluations, author revisions, and the manuscript’s contribution to the advancement of innovation and instructional technology. When manuscripts involve complex ethical considerations—such as research with vulnerable groups, culturally sensitive contexts, or structural inequalities—the editorial board may consult additional experts or request further review. The journal also reserves the right to discontinue the review process when necessary to uphold ethical and academic standards.

Once a manuscript is accepted, it enters the production stage, which usually lasts two to three weeks. During this phase, authors are involved in proofreading, final formatting checks, and confirmation of publication details. The entire editorial process is guided by principles of transparency, fairness, and academic integrity.

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Plagiarism Policy

The journal is firmly committed to upholding the highest standards of academic integrity and does not tolerate any form of plagiarism, including the unacknowledged use of others’ ideas, text, or intellectual outputs. Manuscripts found to contain plagiarized material—whether in whole or in part—as well as those involving duplicate submission, redundant publication, or self-plagiarism (in any language)—will not be considered for publication. However, manuscripts previously disseminated as preprints are not regarded as prior or duplicate publications.

The corresponding author holds full responsibility for the manuscript throughout all stages of submission, peer review, and post-publication, and is duly authorized to act on behalf of all co-authors. All submissions are subjected to similarity checking using professional plagiarism detection software. Manuscripts exceeding a maximum similarity threshold of 20% will be rejected at the initial screening stage without further review.

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Preprints Policy

Authors can share their preprint anywhere at any time. If accepted for publication, we encourage authors to link from the preprint to their formal publication via its Digital Object Identifier (DOI). Authors can update their preprints on arXiv or RePEc, etc. with their accepted manuscript.

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Protection of Patients' Rights to Privacy

Identifiable patient information should not be disclosed in written descriptions, photographs, sonograms, CT scans, pedigrees, or other materials unless such information is essential for scientific purposes and explicit informed consent has been obtained from the patient or their parent or legal guardian. Authors are required to remove any identifying details, including patient names, from figures and related materials unless informed consent for publication has been secured.

The journal adheres to the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). Accordingly, it is the responsibility of the authors not the journal or publisher to obtain and securely archive written informed consent prior to publication. Consent forms should not be submitted with the manuscript, cover letter, or via email to the editorial office.

If a manuscript includes images or descriptions that may compromise patient anonymity, authors must explicitly state within the manuscript that informed consent for publication has been obtained.

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Research Ethics and Consent

Studies in Humans and Animals

If the work involves the use of human subjects, the author should ensure that the work described has been carried out in accordance with The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki) for experiments involving humans. The manuscript should be in line with the Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals and aim for the inclusion of representative human populations (sex, age, and ethnicity) as per those recommendations. The terms sex and gender should be used correctly.

Authors should include a statement in the manuscript that informed consent was obtained for experimentation with human subjects. The privacy rights of human subjects must always be observed.

All animal experiments should comply with the ARRIVE guidelines and should be carried out in accordance with the U.K. Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, 1986 and associated guidelines, EU Directive 2010/63/EU for animal experiments, or the National Research Council's Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and the authors should clearly indicate in the manuscript that such guidelines have been followed. The sex of animals must be indicated, and where appropriate, the influence (or association) of sex on the results of the study.

Informed consent

Individuals’ right to privacy must be fully respected and cannot be waived without informed consent. Any identifiable information—such as names, initials, hospital or identification numbers—must not be included in manuscripts, images, or genealogical representations unless it is scientifically necessary and explicit written consent has been obtained from the individual concerned, or from a parent or legal guardian where applicable. Where such consent is required, individuals should be given the opportunity to review the manuscript before publication. Authors must also clearly inform participants that any potentially identifying material may become publicly accessible in both print and digital formats after publication.

Written consent should be obtained in a proper manner and securely retained by the authors, the journal, or both, in line with relevant institutional requirements or legal regulations. Wherever possible, unnecessary identifying details should be removed or anonymized. In situations where doubts remain about the adequacy of anonymity, informed consent must be secured. Partial masking of features, such as obscuring only the eye region in photographs, is not sufficient to guarantee anonymity.

When alterations are made to identifying data to protect privacy—for example, in the presentation of genetic pedigrees—authors must ensure that such modifications do not distort or undermine the scientific validity or interpretation of the information. Editors may also need to verify this. In all cases where informed consent has been obtained, this must be explicitly stated within the published article.

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Standards of Reporting

Research should be reported in a manner that enables verification and facilitates reproducibility. Accordingly, authors are encouraged to present clear and detailed accounts of their research objectives, design, procedures, methodological approaches, and analytical processes.

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Use of Third-party Material

Authors are obligated to secure appropriate permissions for the reuse of any third-party content incorporated into their manuscripts. This includes, but is not limited to, written text, figures, images, tables, datasets, audio recordings, video materials, film excerpts, screenshots, and musical compositions.

While limited use of short text excerpts or certain materials may be allowable without formal permission for purposes such as critique, commentary, or scholarly review, authors must ensure that such use falls within applicable exceptions. In cases where the material is not owned by the authors and is not covered by these exceptions, prior written authorization from the copyright holder must be obtained before submitting the manuscript.

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Use of Generative AI and AI-assisted Technologies in Writing

Please be advised that this policy pertains specifically to the manuscript preparation stage and does not limit the use of artificial intelligence tools for purposes such as data analysis or the development of research findings within the broader research process.

Authors who employ AI or AI-assisted technologies in drafting their manuscripts are expected to use these tools exclusively to enhance linguistic quality, clarity, and overall readability. Such technologies must not substitute core scholarly responsibilities, including the formulation of arguments, interpretation of findings, synthesis of conclusions, or the development of pedagogical or practical recommendations. All AI-assisted outputs should remain under direct human oversight and be subject to thorough review and revision by the authors. It is essential to acknowledge that AI-generated content may convey an impression of accuracy while potentially containing errors, gaps, or biases. Consequently, authors bear full responsibility for the validity and integrity of the content presented.

The use of AI and related technologies must be disclosed transparently within the manuscript, and this disclosure will be reflected in the final publication. This requirement is intended to uphold principles of transparency, accountability, and trust among all parties involved in the publication process, while also ensuring adherence to the applicable terms and conditions of the technologies used.

Under no circumstances should AI tools be credited as authors or co-authors. Authorship entails intellectual responsibility and accountability that can only be assumed by human individuals. All listed authors must take responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of the work, approve the final manuscript prior to submission, and agree to its publication. Furthermore, authors are responsible for ensuring the originality of the manuscript, confirming that all contributors meet established authorship criteria, and verifying that the work does not violate any third-party rights.

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