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Abstract

Communication challenges in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can impact parental self-efficacy in supporting their child's communication. This study aimed to develop, validate, implement, and analyze the Identification, Response, and Action (IRA) Intervention Model to enhance parental self-efficacy in raising children with ASD who have communication difficulties. An embedded mixed-methods approach was employed, utilizing a Single-Subject Research (SSR) A–B–A design as the primary framework. Quantitative data were gathered via a parental self-efficacy scale, observations of adaptive communication responses, a child functional communication checklist, and model implementation sheets; qualitative data were obtained through interviews, parent diaries, observations, field notes, and documentation. Expert validation results indicated that the IRA Model was highly valid, with an Aiken’s V of 0.92 and an implementation rate of 85%–96%. Parental self-efficacy increased from a mean level of 43.60 in phase A1 to 67.88 in phase B, and was sustained at 80.60 in phase A2. Adaptive communication responses rose from 31.60 to 60.25 and 78.60, while the children's functional communication improved from 21.98 to 53.20 and 73.98. SSR analysis showed 0% overlap and 100% Percentage of Non-Overlapping Data (PND). It is concluded that the IRA Model is feasible for implementation and has a positive impact on parental self-efficacy, adaptive communication responses, and the children's functional communication. In practical terms, this model positions parents as active implementers of communication interventions within daily family routines.

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