Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya is guided by the principles and best-practice recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Allegations are assessed fairly, confidentially, and with an opportunity for relevant parties to respond.

Duties of Editors

Publication decisions

The editorial board of the journal is responsible for deciding which of the articles submitted to the journal should be published. Members of the board confer and refer to reviewer recommendations in making this decision, constrained by legal requirements related to libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism. Editorial decisions are not affected by the origins of the manuscript, including the nationality, ethnicity, political beliefs, race, or religion of the authors.

Editorial independence and optional expedited processing: Decisions on peer review, revision, acceptance, and rejection are based solely on scholarly merit, editorial standards, and publication ethics. Payment of the article publication charge (APC) or an optional paid fast-track fee does not influence reviewer recommendations or editorial decisions. Where available, paid fast-track processing is intended to shorten administrative or editorial handling times only; it does not guarantee acceptance or publication. For availability, fees, and procedures, authors should contact the JBS Support Contacts.

Confidentiality, disclosure, and conflicts of interest

During the review process, editors must not disclose information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the corresponding author, reviewers, potential reviewers, and other editorial advisers. Unpublished materials disclosed in a submitted manuscript must not be used in an editor's, reviewer’s, or any other reader’s own research without the express written consent of the author. Readers should be informed about who has funded the research or other scholarly work and whether the funders had any role in the research and its publication and, if so, what this was.

Author relations

Editors strive to ensure that peer review at the journal is fair, unbiased, and timely. The journal has established policies for handling submissions from editorial board members to ensure unbiased review. Author instructions provide guidance about the criteria for authorship.

Reviewer relations

The Journal encourages reviewers to comment on ethical questions and possible misconduct raised by submissions (e.g. unethical research design, and inappropriate data manipulation), and to be alert to redundant publication and plagiarism. Reviewers’ comments should be sent to authors in their entirety unless they contain offensive or libelous remarks. Contributions of reviewers to the journal are regularly acknowledged and cease to use reviewers who consistently produce discourteous, poor quality, or late reviews.

Quality assurance

Editors should take all reasonable steps to ensure the quality of the material they publish, recognizing that different sections have different aims and standards. Editors should seek assurances that the research they publish has been approved by an appropriate body (e.g. research ethics committee, institutional review board) where one exists. Editors should be alert to intellectual property issues and work with their publishers to handle potential breaches of laws and conventions. Errors, inaccurate, or misleading statements must be corrected promptly and with due prominence.

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Duties of Reviewers

Contribution to editorial decisions

Reviewers assist the editorial board in making editorial decisions. Reviews should be conducted objectively, and observations should be formulated clearly with supporting arguments so that authors can use them for improving the paper. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate.

Qualification of reviewers

Any selected referee who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. Reviewers should not consider manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the papers.

Confidentiality

Any manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential documents. Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage.

Acknowledgment of sources

Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. References to the ideas of others should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A reviewer should also call to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper of which they have personal knowledge.

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Duties of Authors

Reporting standards

Authors of original research should accurately report their methods, evidence, findings, and limitations. Research data should be retained in accordance with applicable institutional requirements and made available for verification where ethically and legally permissible. Confidential participant data, restricted archives, and sensitive materials must not be publicly released in breach of consent, privacy, or legal obligations. Fabrication and knowingly inaccurate statements are unacceptable.

Originality, plagiarism, and concurrent publication

Authors should ensure their work is entirely original and that any work and/or words of others have been appropriately acknowledged. Plagiarism in all its forms constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable. Submitting essentially the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable.

Disclosure and conflicts of interest

All authors should disclose in their manuscript any financial or other substantive conflicts of interest that might be construed to influence the results or interpretation of their manuscript. All sources of financial support for the project should be disclosed.

Authorship of the paper

All listed authors must have made a substantive scholarly contribution, approved the final manuscript, and agreed to submission. The corresponding author must verify the complete author list, author order, affiliations, and contact information before submission.

Before acceptance: Requests to add, remove, or reorder authors are considered only in exceptional circumstances, at the editor’s discretion, with a written explanation and documented agreement from all existing and proposed authors. After acceptance: JBS does not permit routine changes to the author list or order, consistent with Elsevier’s publishing-ethics approach.

After publication and DOI activation: Authors may not add, remove, replace, or reorder authors in the published article. Exceptional allegations of authorship error or misconduct may be examined through a formal publication-ethics investigation; any resulting action, if warranted, will be documented through an appropriate published notice rather than an informal alteration of the article record.

See Elsevier’s Publishing Ethics guidance for the underlying authorship principles.

Fundamental errors in published works

When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in the published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal editor and work with the editor to retract or correct the paper.

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Peer review process

All manuscripts are subjected to peer review and are expected to meet the standards of academic excellence. If approved by the editor, submissions will be considered by peer reviewers, whose identities will remain anonymous to the authors and vice versa, identities of authors will remain anonymous to the reviewers (Double-blind peer review). The decision regarding the acceptance or rejection of a manuscript is the responsibility of the editorial board and is based on the recommendations of the reviewers (peer-reviewed process).

When serious ethical or research-integrity concerns arise, the JBS editorial team may seek confidential advice from relevant specialists, request additional review, or decline further consideration, while observing due process and editorial independence.

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Plagiarism

JBS checks submitted manuscripts for text similarity and potential plagiarism. The maximum permitted similarity score is 20%. Manuscripts exceeding this threshold may be returned for revision or rejected. A score of 20% or less does not automatically establish originality: editors also examine uncited overlap, duplicate publication, self-plagiarism, and the location and nature of matched passages.

Plagiarism, fabrication of citations, and unattributed reuse of text, ideas, data, or images are unacceptable and may result in rejection, correction, or retraction in accordance with publication-ethics procedures.

Preprints policy

Authors can share their preprint anywhere at any time. If accepted for publication, we encourage authors to link from the preprint to their formal publication via its Digital Object Identifier (DOI). Authors can update their preprints on arXiv or RePEc, etc. with their accepted manuscript.

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Privacy, Confidentiality, and Identifiable Participants

Authors must protect the privacy and dignity of research participants, including interviewees, students, teachers, performers, artists, and other identifiable individuals. Identifying names, images, voices, recordings, and contextual details may be published only when there is an appropriate ethical and legal basis and informed consent for publication where required. Consent to participate in research does not automatically constitute consent to publish identifiable material.

Authors should anonymize or pseudonymize personal data where feasible and explain any justified exception. Consent records must be securely retained by the researchers and should not be uploaded publicly or transmitted to the journal unless a secure verification process is specifically arranged. For medical or clinical materials, applicable patient-privacy and consent standards must also be observed.

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Research ethics and consent

Studies in Humans, Animals, and Plants

Research involving human participants, animals, protected biological materials, restricted datasets, collections, or culturally sensitive sites must comply with applicable institutional, national, and disciplinary ethics requirements. Authors should include an Ethics Approval and Consent statement where applicable, describing approval, exemption, permissions, or consent as relevant to the study design. Research based exclusively on public documents or published works may not require formal institutional ethics approval, but authors remain responsible for lawful and ethical use of sources.

• Name of the approving ethics committee or institutional review board, when approval was required.
• Approval or exemption number, where issued; if not applicable, explain why.
• Informed consent or other appropriate authorization for research participants, interviews, recordings, and identifiable materials, when relevant.
• Appropriate permissions for restricted archives, cultural heritage materials, or protected sites, where required.

• Follow international, national, and institutional guidelines for the humane treatment of animals.
• Receive approval by the ethics review committee at the institution or practice at which the research was conducted and provide details on the approval process, names of the ethics committee(s) or institutional review board(s) involved, and the number or ID of the ethics approval(s) in the Ethics Approval section.
• Provide justification for use of animals and the species selected.
• Provide information about housing, feeding, and environmental enrichment, and steps taken to minimize suffering.
• Provide mode of anesthesia and euthanasia.
• Research that does not meet the above-listed requirements regarding ethical approval and animal welfare will be rejected.

Research involving humans

For research involving human participants, including interviews, surveys, classroom observations, and recordings, authors must comply with applicable institutional, national, and disciplinary ethics requirements and obtain informed consent or other lawful authorization as appropriate. The Declaration of Helsinki and ICMJE recommendations apply where the study involves medical research or clinical materials to which those standards are relevant.

When institutional ethics approval is required, it must normally be obtained before data collection. State the approving institution, committee, and reference number where available. Where approval is exempted or not required under applicable rules, provide a brief explanation rather than claiming approval that was not obtained.

Authors should include a statement in the manuscript that informed consent was obtained for experimentation with human subjects. The privacy rights of human subjects must always be observed.

Research involving animals

All animal experiments should comply with the ARRIVE guidelines and should be carried out in accordance with the U.K. Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, 1986 and associated guidelines, EU Directive 2010/63/EU for animal experiments, or the National Research Council's Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and the authors should clearly indicate in the manuscript that such guidelines have been followed. The sex of animals must be indicated, and where appropriate, the influence (or association) of sex on the results of the study.

Experiments involving vertebrates or regulated invertebrates must be carried out within the ethical guidelines provided by the authors’ institution and national or international regulations. Where applicable, a statement of ethics permission granted or animal licenses should be included. In all cases, a statement should be made to confirm that all efforts were made to ameliorate any suffering of animals, and details of how this was achieved should be provided.

Research involving plants

Studies on plants must be carried out within the guidelines provided by the authors’ institution and national or international regulations. Where applicable, a statement of permissions granted or licenses should be included. Authors should comply with the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

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Standards of reporting

Research should be communicated in a way that supports verification and reproducibility, and as such, we encourage authors to provide comprehensive descriptions of their research rationale, protocol, methodology, and analysis.

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Use of third-party material

The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations. The submitting author is responsible for securing any permissions needed for the reuse of copyrighted materials included in the manuscript. While the advice and information in this journal are believed to be true and accurate on the date of its going to press, neither the authors, the editors, nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

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Use of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in writing

JBS follows the principles of Elsevier’s Generative AI Policies for Journals. Authors may use generative AI and AI-assisted technologies to support literature exploration, manuscript organization, and language clarity, but these tools must not replace independent scholarly judgment, original intellectual contribution, or human accountability. Authors must verify the accuracy of all AI-assisted output, references, and claims and protect confidential data and intellectual property.

Declaration of AI use

Authors must disclose substantive use of generative AI during manuscript preparation in a separate statement before the References, identifying the tool and purpose and confirming human review. Basic spelling, grammar, and punctuation checks do not require disclosure. Substantive restructuring, translation, or AI-assisted drafting must be declared.

Research methods and visual material

AI used in research design, coding, data collection, analysis, or interpretation must be described transparently and reproducibly in the Methods section. AI-generated explanatory figures, when permitted, require disclosure in the caption and manuscript declaration. AI must not fabricate or alter primary research images or data. AI tools cannot be credited as authors or co-authors.

Editors and reviewers

Unpublished manuscripts and confidential peer-review material must not be uploaded to public AI tools. Any permitted supporting use must preserve confidentiality, be subject to human oversight, and follow the journal’s applicable review and disclosure rules.

Research Misconduct Investigation

Scope and reporting

JBS considers concerns involving plagiarism, fabricated or falsified data, manipulated images or research records, duplicate publication, citation manipulation, undisclosed conflicts of interest, unethical participant treatment, and authorship misrepresentation. Concerns may be raised by authors, reviewers, readers, institutions, or other parties through the JBS Contact Page. Reports should identify the relevant manuscript or article and provide specific supporting information where possible.

Initial assessment and investigation

The Editor-in-Chief or an editor without a relevant conflict of interest conducts an initial assessment, documents the concern, and determines whether clarification or further inquiry is warranted. Where appropriate, the journal may request explanations and evidence from the authors, seek confidential advice from independent specialists, or contact the relevant institution. Individuals whose conduct is questioned are given a reasonable opportunity to respond. The journal will protect confidentiality to the extent practicable while maintaining procedural fairness.

Outcomes and post-publication action

Depending on the evidence and seriousness of the issue, outcomes may include no further action, a request for clarification or revision, rejection of an unpublished submission, or a published correction, expression of concern, or retraction for an article already published. The journal may notify relevant institutions or other journals when justified. Published notices will be linked to the scholarly record and will explain the reason for the action without unnecessary disclosure of confidential information. Decisions are informed by applicable COPE guidance and are not influenced by APC or fast-track payments.

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Conflict of Interest Management

Authors

All authors must disclose financial and non-financial interests that could reasonably be perceived to affect the research or its interpretation, including funding, employment, consultancy, personal or professional relationships, and relevant institutional affiliations. Authors must also state when no competing interests exist. Funding sources and any role played by funders in the study and publication process must be identified.

Editors

Editors must disclose actual, potential, or perceived conflicts related to a manuscript and recuse themselves from its assessment or decision when impartiality could be compromised. Such manuscripts should be assigned to another qualified editor without the conflict. Submissions by editorial-board members are subject to the same independent review and editorial standards as other submissions.

Reviewers

Invited reviewers must disclose competing interests before accepting an assignment and decline or withdraw from review where a conflict may affect impartiality. Reviewers must not use unpublished material or confidential information for personal advantage. Editors may replace reviewers or seek additional independent assessments when concerns arise.

Disclosure and management

The journal evaluates disclosures case by case. A disclosed interest does not automatically disqualify a manuscript, but may require recusal, reassignment, independent review, clarification, or an appropriate statement in the published article. Undisclosed interests discovered after publication may be investigated and addressed through a correction or other suitable notice when warranted.

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