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Abstract

This study aimed to explore the role of the learning environment and classroom atmosphere as central factors influencing student motivation during instruction. Based on learning motivation theory, factors such as safety, social support, student engagement, and physical comfort can significantly affect motivation, whereas an uncomfortable or unsupportive classroom may inhibit it. Positive social interaction and mutual trust among students also play important roles in supporting motivation. The study specifically evaluated the effectiveness of the Student Teams–Achievement Divisions (STAD) cooperative learning model in increasing engagement and interaction among students in the Social Work program at SMKN 2 Malang. By emphasizing teamwork and shared achievement, the model is expected to create a supportive learning environment in which every student is actively involved and contributes to the learning process. The findings are expected to provide deeper insight into the effectiveness of STAD in strengthening student engagement and encouraging positive classroom interaction.

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